Key facts
- What it treats: a varicocele — enlarged, dilated veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins.
- What it's for: scrotal pain or discomfort, and in some cases reduced sperm quality associated with a clinically significant varicocele.
- How it works: a catheter closes off the abnormal veins from the inside, without any scrotal or groin incision.
- What to expect: a day procedure under local anaesthetic and light sedation, with a shorter recovery than surgical varicocelectomy.
A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the veins draining the testicle, similar in concept to varicose veins in the leg. It's a common condition, particularly on the left side, and can cause a dull, aching or heavy sensation in the scrotum, especially after standing or physical activity. It's also associated with reduced sperm quality in some men, making it a relevant consideration in the assessment of male-factor infertility.
How varicocele embolisation works
Rather than surgically ligating the affected veins through a scrotal or groin incision, varicocele embolisation closes them off from the inside. A catheter is guided — typically from a small access point in the groin, wrist, or neck — into the gonadal (testicular) vein under X-ray guidance. Embolic coils, a sclerosant agent, or both are then used to occlude the abnormal veins, redirecting blood flow through the body's normal venous pathways.
Varicocele embolisation compared with surgery
- No incision — performed through a small catheter access point rather than surgical exploration of the scrotum or groin
- Local anaesthetic — typically avoids the general anaesthetic often used for surgical varicocelectomy
- Shorter recovery — most patients return to normal activity within a few days
- Comparable outcomes — technical success and symptom improvement rates are broadly comparable to surgical treatment
Who it suits
Varicocele embolisation is generally considered for men with:
- Scrotal pain or discomfort attributable to a confirmed varicocele
- A clinically significant varicocele associated with reduced semen parameters, particularly where fertility is a concern
- A preference to avoid surgical intervention
Common questions
What is a varicocele?
A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins elsewhere in the body. It can cause a dull, aching scrotal pain, and is also associated with reduced sperm quality in some men.
How does varicocele embolisation compare with surgery?
Varicocele embolisation achieves a similar outcome to surgical varicocelectomy — closing off the abnormal veins — but is performed through a small catheter access point rather than a scrotal or groin incision, with a shorter recovery.
Does treating a varicocele improve fertility?
For some men with reduced semen parameters and a clinically significant varicocele, treatment has been associated with improved semen quality, though the effect on actual pregnancy rates varies and should be discussed individually, often alongside a fertility specialist.
Next step
Considering treatment for a varicocele?
Ask your GP about a referral, or get in touch directly to discuss suitability.
Get in touch